1.复合句型
•状语从句
(1)理论常识
状语从句,属于副词性从句,简单说就是从句在句子中担任状语,分为时间、目的、地点、条件、方式、让步、比较、结果、原因9种状语从句。
时间引导词:when , after , before , while , until , till , since , as soon as , everytime , the moment等
地点引导词:where , wherever等
原因引导词:because , since=now that , as等
条件引导词:if , whether , unless , as long as ,on condition that , providing that等
结果引导词:so / such ... that , so等
目的引导词:in order that , so that等
让步引导词:though , although , however , whatever=no matter what even if , even though , as (倒装) 等
方式引导词:as , as if等
比较引导词:than , as ... as , the more ... , the more ... 等
(2)真题举例
例句1.Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to see that all subjects,friends and strangers,were taken from the same population.
重点词汇及短语:
draw from 从……中得到,从……提取
European n. 欧洲人 adj. 欧洲的;欧洲人的;European Union 欧洲联盟,欧盟
Europe n. 欧洲;欧盟;欧洲大陆
extraction n. 取出;提炼;mineral/oil etc extraction 矿物;石油等的开采
extract v. 提取,提炼;(从书中)选取,摘录;获取,得到好处
extract sth from sth 从……获取……
extractor n. 抽取;抽取器
be taken from 来自;从……摘取
句子成分分析:该句的主干结构是...care was taken...。Though引导的是让步状语从句,to see...population是不定式结构作目的状语,that引导的从句作see的宾语。
不定式用作目的状语时常位于句首在或句末。一般说来,用于句首属于强调性用法,即强调动词的目的。
从语法上看,不定式表示目的通常是指发生在谓语动作之后的动作,也就是说,若以谓语动作发生的时间为标准,用作目的状语的不定式是一个尚未发生的将来动作。
参考译文:尽管所有的实验对象都是从祖籍欧洲的人口中选择,但是研究人员也花费了精力来确保所有的实验对象,无论是朋友还是陌生人,都是来自同一群体。
例句2:Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union.
•重点词汇及短语:
ceremony n.仪式
Ritual仪式的,礼节性的
threads soaked in holy water ;Thread线;holy water 圣水;soak 浸泡了圣水的线
wrist n.手腕
bless the union庆祝结合
句子成分分析: 该句的主干结构是Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads...and passing a candle...。过去分词短语soaked in holy water作后置定语修饰cotton threads,介词短语around the bride’s and groom’s wrists和 around a circle of happily married and respected couples作状语,不定式短语to bless the union作目的状语。
不定式作状语时常用于表示目的、条件、结果。作目的状语时可用 in order to, so as to代替(注意:so as to不能置于句首);作结果状语时常用于only to, so...as to, such...as to, enough...to, too...to等结构中(注意:too...to结构中如出现anxious/eager/pleased/ready等词,则不再表示否定结果,而表示程度,意为very。
参考译文:婚礼仪式包含剪发仪式、把圣水浸泡过的棉线系在新郎和新娘的手腕上、把蜡烛在婚姻美满且受人尊敬的夫妻中传一圈以示对新婚夫妻的祝福等部分。
•定语从句
(1)理论常识
在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句。
结构:先行词+关系词(分为关系副词和关系代词)+从句
关系代词(that , who , which , whose , as)
关系副词(when , where , why , how)
定语从句分为限制性定语从句及非限制定语从句,限定从直接放在先行词后,非限定从与先行词之间要加逗号。
(2)真题举例
例句1:California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
•重点词汇及短语:
justice n. 司法制度;公正;公正性;justification n. 正当的理由
refrain from 克制;抑制
sweeping adj. 影响广泛的
assumption n. 假定,假设;承担,就任
possession n. 拥有;所有物,财物;in possession of 拥有……
suspect v. 猜测,怀疑;认为(某人)有犯罪嫌疑
【用法】suspect sb of doing sth 怀疑某人做……
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